In this publication we will review the challenges that mode-agile (WARM) radar and EW threat emitters pose to traditional static threat library implementations in radar and EW systems, and consider the architecture of cognitive artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems that can be used to deliver effective...
Published: Jun 15, 2022
True or false: 30 dBm + 30 dBm = 60 dBm? Why does 1% work out to be -40 dB one time but then 0.1 dB or 0.05 dB the next time? These questions sometimes leave even experienced engineers scratching their heads. Decibels are found everywhere, including power levels, voltages, reflection coefficients, noise figures, field...
Published: Mar 22, 2021
The audio market for wireless Bluetooth headsets is growing rapidly. People have gotten used to wireless audio systems, and the mobile phone industry is pushing towards a world without audio connectors and cables. Most of the average users who think about Bluetooth audio picture clumsy over-ear headsets with very little...
To ensure the stability of voltage regulators and switchedmode power supplies, the control loop behavior must be measured and characterized. A well compensating voltage controller enables stable output voltages and reduces the influence of load changes and supply voltage variations. The quality of this control circuit...
Within the next 10 years, we will see remarkable change in the automotive industry. From improved engine efficiency to autonomous vehicles to electrification, innovation will begin in academic institutions around the world.
NI solutions integrate hardware and software to help automotive scientists and engineers take...
Published: No Date
This application note created by the Test and measurement specialist Rohde & Schwarz and the University of New Hampshire Interoperability Laboratory (UNH-IOL) describes methods of implementation (MOI) for precise, fast and error-free compliance testing of high-speed cables and backplanes according to InfiniBand standards...
Published: Apr 20, 2021
Today, R&D engineers face challenging time-to-market goals. Extending the product development schedule and delaying the product launch can prove to be extremely costly in terms of opportunity cost and lost market share. Nearly 50% of products fail EMC compliance the first time.
Every day spent on debugging, isolating...
Safety, availability, and cost considerations can make performing thorough tests of embedded control devices
using the complete system impractical.
Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is a real-time test technique used to test these devices more efficiently.
During HIL test, the physical system that interfaces...
Published: Jan 01, 2021
This application note is about creating your own battery model for the R&S®NGM200, beyond the standard models provided within the battery simulation option NGM-K106. The main purpose is to gradually discharge a battery or a rechargeable battery using the internal QuickArb function. The discharge of the battery...
Published: Apr 20, 2021
To investigate the stability of a switched-mode power supply, a Bode plot created with an oscilloscope is ideal for checking the critical phase margin and gain margin values. The factors that determine how satisfactory the results from Bode plot measurements will be, need to taken into consideration as part of the preparation....
Modern satellite designs need to meet the highest performance requirements in the RF domain and also require a strong focus on digital layout and power management by leveraging the latest technologies to create an efficient and resilient system. In this webinar, you will learn how to decode and debug SpaceWire interfaces...
Published: Nov 04, 2021
A VCXO is a crystal oscillator where its output frequency changes in direct proportion to the application of an input control voltage. There are many names given or assigned to this output frequency being changed with the control voltage, which can be confusing.
Absolute Pulling Range (APR) has become a very...
Rail voltages are getting smaller, and tolerances are decreasing. As a result, making accurate power rail measurements has become much more difficult.
Industry dynamics are driving both a decrease in rail voltage values as well as tighter tolerances across a wide range of rails. Making an accurate ripple measurement...
Most organizations do not consider production test a top priority, but it is a necessity to prevent major quality issues in the products that represent the company brand in the hands of customers.
The costs, however, can be significant and are often greatly misunderstood, especially when there’s no easy way...
Published: Jan 01, 2021
